Load Transfer hauv Steel Structure Buildings
Taw qhia: Nkag siab Load Transfer raws li cov qauv tsim
Hauv cov tsev steel qauv, kev thauj mus los yog lub hauv paus txheej txheem uas ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg, kev nyab xeeb, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntev -. Txawm hais tias lub tsev qhov siab, kev ua haujlwm, lossis kev ua vaj tse complexity, tag nrho cov txheej txheem txheej txheem kawg yog nyob ntawm ib txoj hauv kev meej thiab txhim khu kev qha los ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm lawv qhov chaw mus rau hauv av.
Tsis zoo li cov pob zeb loj, cov tsev steel cia siab rau cov tswv cuab tsis sib xws- kab teeb, kab, kab hlua, thiab kev sib txuas- kom xa cov rog zoo. Qhov tseeb ntawm cov kev thauj khoom no yog ib qho ntawm cov kev tsim kho steel qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws, tab sis nws kuj ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntau dua ntawm engineering raug thiab nthuav dav kev qhuab qhia. Ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev tsis sib haum xeeb, lossis kev nkag siab yuam kev ntawm kev hloov pauv tus cwj pwm tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov qauv kev ua haujlwm.
Kab lus no tshuaj xyuas seb cov khoom thauj khoom li cas raug tsim, faib, thiab xa mus rau hauv cov tsev steel qauv, thiab vim li cas cov qauv tsim qauv tsim nyog yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho steel niaj hnub.
Hom Loads Ua Haujlwm ntawm Steel Structure Buildings
Ua ntej txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem thauj khoom, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog thawj pawg ntawm cov khoom thauj ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv steel.
Tuag Loads
Cov khoom tuag muaj xws li tus kheej - hnyav ntawm cov tswv cuab steel, hauv pem teb, lub ru tsev, cladding, thiab cov khoom siv mus tas li. Hauv cov tsev steel, cov khoom tuag feem ntau tuaj yeem kwv yees tau thiab tsim cov hauv paus rau kev tsim qauv.
Nyob Loads
Cov khoom nyob sib txawv raws sij hawm thiab suav nrog cov neeg nyob, rooj tog, cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia, thiab cov khoom siv txav tau. Cov tuam tsev steel hlau muaj peev xwm muaj kev ua neej nyob ntau dua li kev lag luam lossis vaj tsev nyob, yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo xav txog kev xa khoom thauj.
Environmental Loads
Environmental loads qhia dynamic thiab lateral zog rau hauv cov qauv, xws li:
Cua loads
Seismic rog
Daus thiab nag loads
Cov teebmeem kub
Cov loads no feem ntau tswj hwm tus qauv ntawm kev thauj khoom tom qab- tawm tsam cov tshuab thiab kev sib txuas.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Load Transfer
Load hloov nyob rau hauv steel qauv vaj tse ua raws li ib tug hierarchical thiab logical kev vam meej. Txhua yam txheej txheem muaj lub luag haujlwm hauv kev sau, faib, thiab xa cov khoom thauj.
Vertical Load Path
Vertical loads feem ntau ua raws li cov kab ke no:
ru tsev thiab pem teb slabs khaws cov loads
Beams hloov loads mus rau girders
Girders xa cov loads rau txhua kab
Kem xa cov loads mus rau lub hauv paus
Foundations faib loads rau hauv av
Txoj kev ncaj nraim thiab ua tau zoo no yog ib qho laj thawj ntawm cov qauv hlau zoo - haum rau qhov ntev thiab ntau- cov tsev dab neeg.
Txuas ntxiv thiab Redundancy
Kev thauj khoom siv tau zoo nyob ntawm qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm cov tswv cuab. Kev tsis sib xws ntawm cov qauv-xws li cov kev hloov pauv sai sai lossis cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog kev sib txuas tsis zoo- tuaj yeem qhia txog kev ntxhov siab uas cuam tshuam kev thauj khoom.
Redundancy txhim kho kev nyab xeeb los ntawm kev tso cai rau lwm txoj hauv kev thauj khoom yog tias ib qho khoom ua dhau los lossis puas. Zoo-tsim steel qauv feem ntau sib npaug efficiency nrog redundancy los txhim kho robustness.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tswvcuab hauv cov qauv hauv Load Transfer
Beams thiab Girders
Beams yog qhov tseem ceeb thauj khoom- nqa cov khoom uas txhawb nqa hauv pem teb thiab lub ru tsev. Lawv tiv taus dabtsi yog khoov thiab shear quab yuam thaum hloov loads horizontally rau txhua.
Girders, feem ntau loj dua kab teeb, sau cov khoom ntawm ntau kab teeb thiab xa mus rau cov tswv cuab ntsug. Lawv nruj thiab deflection tswj ncaj qha cuam tshuam cov khoom xa tawm.
Cov kab
Kem yog cov caj qaum ntawm ntsug load hloov. Lawv nqa axial loads, khoov lub sijhawm, thiab qee zaum ua ke ua ke ntawm kev ua haujlwm sab nraud.
Hauv cov txheej txheem steel, kem sib dhos thiab txuas ntxiv yog qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm tias me me eccentricities tuaj yeem qhia ntxiv khoov kev ntxhov siab uas cuam tshuam rau tag nrho kev ruaj ntseg.
Bracing Systems
Bracing cov tswv cuab hloov lateral loads tshwm sim los ntawm cua los yog seismic kev ua si. Cov loads no yog redirected los ntawm kab rov tav diaphragms mus rau ntsug bracing systems thiab ces nqes mus rau lub hauv paus.
Hom bracing feem ntau muaj xws li:
X- kev sib tw
K-cov
Chevron bracing
Txhua qhov kev teeb tsa cuam tshuam qhov nruj, kev thauj mus los, thiab kev ua haujlwm yooj yim.
Load Transfer los ntawm kev sib txuas
Kev sib txuas feem ntau tau piav qhia tias yog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov qauv hlau vim tias lawv tswj xyuas seb lub zog txav ntawm cov tswv cuab.
Rigid vs. Pinned Connections
Kev sib txuas nrujHloov lub sij hawm, shear, thiab axial rog, pab txhawb thav duab stability.
Pinned kev sib txuasFeem ntau hloov cov shear thiab axial rog, tso cai rau kev sib hloov thiab ua kom yooj yim rau kev thauj khoom.
Xaiv hom kev sib txuas uas tsim nyog ncaj qha cuam tshuam li cas cov khoom xa tawm thoob plaws hauv cov qauv.
Kev sib txuas lus nthuav dav thiab Load Flow
Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tsis zoo tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kev xav tau ntawm kev thauj khoom, ua rau muaj kev npaj txhij txog kev xa rov qab. Kev sib txuas zoo tsim kom ntseeg tau tias:
Clear quab yuam hloov mechanisms
Txaus nruj thiab muaj zog
Compatibility nrog fabrication thiab erection txheej txheem
Hauv cov qauv hlau, kev sib txuas tsis yog kev sib koom ua ke nkaus xwb - nws yog ib qho qauv hauv nws txoj cai.
Lateral Load Transfer Systems
Pem teb thiab ru tsev Diaphragms
Pem teb thiab ru tsev systems ua raws li kab rov tav diaphragms uas sau lateral loads thiab hloov mus rau ntsug resisting ntsiab. Hauv cov tsev steel, hlau decking nrog cov pob zeb ua ke feem ntau yog siv los muab kev ua diaphragm.
Kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev thauj mus los yog nyob ntawm diaphragm nruj, txuas ntxiv, thiab kev sib txuas kom raug rau kab teeb thiab bracing.
Moment Frames thiab Braced Frames
Moment ntastiv thaiv lateral loads los ntawm khoov ntawm kab teeb thiab kab, muab architectural openness tab sis yuav tsum tau meej meej.
Braced thav duabmuab siab tawv thiab muaj peev xwm thauj khoom hloov pauv tab sis tuaj yeem txwv kev ua vaj tsev yooj yim.
Hybrid systems feem ntau yog siv los sib npaug kev ua tau zoo thiab tsim kev txwv.
Load Transfer rau Foundations
Cov theem kawg ntawm kev thauj khoom thauj tshwm sim ntawm lub hauv paus theem. Cov kab hlau xa mus rau lub hauv paus phaj, thauj tog rau nkoj bolts, thiab pob zeb hauv paus.
Base Phaj thiab Anchor Systems
Lub hauv paus daim hlau faib cov kab nrib pleb hla ib cheeb tsam loj ntawm pob zeb, thaum thauj tog rau nkoj bolts tiv thaiv uplift thiab shear rog. Kev sib raug zoo thiab kev teeb tsa grout yog qhov tseem ceeb los tswj kev thauj khoom ncaj ncees.
Av -Structure Interaction
Lub hauv paus yuav tsum hloov cov khoom thauj mus rau hauv av yam tsis muaj kev sib hloov ntau dhau los yog kev sib hloov. Kev thauj mus los tsis tiav tshwj tsis yog cov av txhawb nqa tuaj yeem nyab xeeb nqus thiab faib cov qauv tsim.
Common Load Transfer Challenges hauv Steel Structures
Qee qhov teeb meem feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov tsev steel qauv:
Cov tswv cuab misaligned tsim unintended eccentric loads
Tsis txaus diaphragm txhav
Overlooked thib ob load paths
Kev sib koom ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm cov qauv tsim thiab cov khoom vaj tsev
Kev daws cov teeb meem no yuav tsum tau ua thaum ntxov -theem engineering kev sib koom tes thiab kev qhuab qhia ua tiav.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Load Transfer hauv Modular thiab Prefabricated Steel Vaj tse
Hauv kev tsim kho modular thiab prefabricated steel, kev thauj mus los ua qhov tseem ceeb dua. Modules yuav tsum ua raws li qhov tseeb kom cov loads dhau los ntawm cov qauv kev sib tshuam.
Ib qho kev sib txawv hauv geometry lossis kev sib txuas tus cwj pwm tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev thauj khoom, ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab hauv cheeb tsam lossis teeb meem sib dhos. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim qauv thauj khoom yuav tsum suav rau kev thauj mus los, kev sib tsoo, thiab kev thauj khoom ib ntus ntxiv rau cov kev pabcuam mus tas li.
Xaus: Load Transfer raws li lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv kev ntseeg tau
Kev thauj mus los hauv cov tuam tsev steel tsis yog lub tswv yim kev paub daws teeb meem - nws yog lub cev muaj tseeb uas txiav txim siab seb tus qauv puas ua tau raws li qhov xav tau thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej.
Los ntawm kev tsim kom muaj kev thauj khoom meej, tsim cov txheej txheem tsim nyog, thiab nthuav dav kev sib txuas txhim khu kev qha, engineers xyuas kom cov rog txav tau zoo thiab kwv yees los ntawm lub ru tsev mus rau lub hauv paus. Raws li cov tuam tsev steel txuas ntxiv hloov zuj zus hauv cov nplai thiab qhov nyuaj, kev hloov pauv kev hloov pauv tseem yog lub hauv paus rau kev nyab xeeb, kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev tsim kho tshiab.
Hauv kev tsim steel, txhua tus tswv cuab tseem ceeb-tab sis nws yog kev ncaj ncees ntawm txoj kev thauj khoom uas thaum kawg tuav lub tsev ua ke.
